- Parenteral products should be isotonic with the blood in order to reduce tissue damage and irritation.
- Tonicity adjustment can prevent hemolysis of blood cells and electrolyte imbalance.
- Hypotonic solutions can cause hemolysis of the RBCs while hypertonic solutions can cause crenulation of the RBCs.
- Hypertonic solutions should be diluted with water prior to administration.
- The tonicity of the solution shall be calculated by sodium chloride equivalence method or freezing point depression method.
- Suitable tonicity adjusting agents used are sodium chloride, urea or dextrose.
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