This method of sterilization is usually carried out in ovens such as hot air oven, which are normally heated by electricity or gas and are thermostatically controlled. The basic mechanism of sterilization by this process is dehydration of microbial cell wall followed by oxidation. Higher temperature and longer periods of exposure are needed in this…
The method of moist heat sterilization is based on the steam under pressure. An autoclave is used for this purpose. Moist heat sterilization is the method preferred for the pharmaceutical products that can withstand heat. Microorganisms are coagulated and destroyed at a lower temperature in the presence of water. The mechanism of microbial destruction in…
Learning Objective The process of sterilization signifies a complete removal of all living microorganisms from the preparation. It also indicates the killing of all living, micro-organisms including their spores. The common methods of sterilization of pharmaceuticals are as follows: Depending upon the nature of the pharmaceutical preparation, a suitable method of sterilization is selected.
Parenteral nutrition is the infusion of enough basic nutrients to achieve active tissue synthesis and growth. It is characterized by the long-term intravenous feeding of protein solutions containing high concentrations of dextrose (approximately 20%), electrolytes, vitamins and in some instances insulin. Table 8.3 provides the composition of total parenteral nutrition. Table 8.3 Composition of Total Parenteral…
Blow–Fill–Seal Technology Blow–fill–seal (BFS) technology is an automated process by which containers are formed, filled and sealed in a continuous operation. Most BFS machines operate using the following steps: Advantage Over Conventional Filling Process
Dry powders for injection are a popular parenteral dosage form for drugs that cannot be formulated into ready-to-use injectables because of their instability in aqueous solution. Depending on their formulation strategy, dry powders for injection can be formulated by two strategies. The first strategy is lyophilization (freeze-drying), where the primary pack allows the formulation of…
Sterile emulsions are required when the drugs are immiscible with the vehicle systems and when fatty substances should be administered intravenously. Emulsions should be formulated with a globule size range of 0.5–1 microns. Surfactants are commonly employed to emulsify the oily liquid and aqueous phase. They should be nontoxic and easy to sterilize. Examples of…
Suspensions for parenteral use are required when the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble in the aqueous vehicle. These are preferred for depot release of drug. Some of the parameters to be considered while formulating suspensions are wettability, rate of sedimentation, caking, size and shape of particles, syringibility, and thixotropic nature of the suspensions. Recrystallization…
Large volume parenterals can be classified into the following categories: