Drugs may be injected into almost any organ or area of the body, including the joints (intra-articular), joint fluid area (intrasynovial), spinal column (intraspinal), spinal fluid (intrathecal), arteries (intra-arterial), heart (intracardiac; in an emergency), into a vein (intravenous), into a muscle (intramuscular), into the skin (intradermal, intracutaneous), or under the skin (subcutaneous, hypodermic) (Fig. 8.1).…
Learning Objective Sterile, pyrogen-free preparations intended to be administered by way of injections are called parenterals. The term “parenteral” is derived from the Greek terms para (outside or other than) and enteron (intestine) and denotes routes of administration other than the oral route. The various sterile dosage forms are small and large volume injectables, irrigation fluids, dialysis solutions, biological…
Delivery of Monoclonal Antibody Using Semisolid Dosage Form Lysostaphin was formulated into a hydrophilic cream, which forms an emulsion with the secretions of the nasal mucosa. Aqueous formulations were made containing the mucoadhesive polymers polystyrene sulfonate and chitosan. The results demonstrated that cream and polymer delivery systems significantly decreased the clearance rate of lysostaphin from…
The use of pH-responsive poly (methacrylic-g-ethylene glycol) hydrogels as oral delivery vehicles for insulin was evaluated. Insulin was loaded into polymeric microspheres and administered orally to healthy and diabetic Wistar rats. In the acidic environment of the stomach, the gels were unswollen due to the formation of intermolecular polymer complexes. The insulin remained in the…
Rectal Ointment It is used for the symptomatic relief against anal and perianal pruritus, pain and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids, anal fissure, fistulas and proctitis. Rectal ointment should be applied several times in a day according to the severity of the condition. For intrarectal use, the ointment has to be applied with the help of…
Learning Objective Plasters are substances of either solid or semisolid masses, intended for external application and are made of such material and consistency as to adhere to the skin and thereby attach and retain as dressing. They promote prolonged contact of the drug with the skin. They are made by incorporating medicaments in resinous or…
Foams are systems in which air or some other gas is emulsified in a liquid phase to the point of stiffening. Examples are shaving creams, whipped creams and aerosolized shaving creams.
Learning Objective Poultice, which is also known as cataplasms, is a soft, viscous, and wet or moist mass to be heated and medicated. This has to be spread on cloth over the skin for the treatment of an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds such as cuts.…