SECTION A
Enemas are solutions intended for introduction into the rectum or colon to cause evacuation of bowel or to bring about local or systemic effects. They are used for diagnostic purpose, especially for X-ray examination of bowel. Enemas are classified into the following five types: Administration of enemas requires the help of trained personnel, a pharmacist…
Mannose is an important component of the oligosaccharides that are found in glyco-proteins. As it is a minor component in the diet, mannose enters the glycolytic pathway as fructose-6-phosphate.
The galactose and glucose have similar structures; that is, they are epimerase. Several reactions are required for this sugar to enter the glycolytic pathway. Galactose is initially converted to galactose-1-phosphate by galactokinase. The galactose-1-phosphate is transformed into the nucleotide derivative UDP galactose. During fetal development and childhood, the first step in this conversion is catalysed…
Dietary sources of fructose include fruit, honey, and the disaccharide sucrose. Fructose is a significant source of carbohydrate in the human diet. It can enter the glycolytic pathway by two routes. In liver, fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate by fructose kinase. When fructose-1-phosphate enters the flycolytic pathway, it is first split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)…
Many other sugars are consumed by human beings. They are fructose, galactose, and mannose. Beside glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose are the most common sugars found in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. They are also energy sources. The reactions by which these sugars are converted into glycolytic intermediates are shown in the following pathways.
The remaining ten amino acids are non-essential amino acids. The body synthesises all body skeletons, and hence, their absence in food will not adversely affect growth.
Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations containing one or more medicaments and are used for throat and mouth infections. They are highly viscous due to their high content of glycerin. They are made viscous so that the drug would remain in contact with the mucus membrane for a longer time period. Throat paints are applied…
Histidine and arginine are required for growing children. They are semi or partially essential. Arginine is involved in urea cycle.
In the liver, glucose is converted to glucuronic acid and ascorbic acid (except in human beings and other species in which ascorbate and pentose are produced) through uronic acid pathway. It is also considered as an alternative pathway that does not lead to the formation of ATP. Glucose 6-phosphate reacts with uridine triose phosphate to…