Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate plays a unique role in regulation of gluconeogenesis in liver. The concentration of the blood glucose is regulated within narrow limits. Since glycolysis and gluconeogenesis share the same pathway but operate in opposite directions, their activities are regulated reciprocally. The pathway of gluconeogenesis in liver and kidney utilises those reactions in glycolysis, which…
Mouthwashes are aqueous solutions, often in concentrated form, containing one or more active ingredients and excipients. Mouthwash is used to enhance oral hygiene. It can be used therapeutically for reducing plaque, gingivitis, dental caries and stomatitis or cosmetically for reducing bad breath through the use of antimicrobial and flavoring agents. Flavors are used in conjunction…
Linctuses are viscous liquid oral preparations that are prescribed for relief of cough. They contain medicaments that have demulcent or expectorant action. Linctuses should be taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly without diluting with water to have the maximum and prolonged effect of medicament. Linctuses normally do not have any major side effects.…
These are hydroalcoholic preparations containing more potent substances such as antibiotics, antihistamines and sedatives. Alcohol concentration is usually 10%–40%. Elixirs are clear preparations and colored medications. They are more fluid than syrup because of the use of less-viscous ingredients. The characteristics of an elixir include the following: Elixirs are of two types as follows: Example…
Spirits can be prepared by the following methods: Example Aromatic spirit of ammonia Ammonium bicarbonate 2.5 g Ammonia solution strong 7 ml Lemon oil 0.5 ml Nutmeg oil 0.3 ml Alcohol (90% v/v) 75 ml Purified water (q.s.) 100 ml Lemon oil, nutmeg oil, alcohol 90% and half the quantity of purified water are…
The acronym of the following amino acids is MILLPHTTV. M–Methionine I–Isoleucine L–Leucine L–Lysine P–Phenylalanine H–Histidine T–Tryptophan T–Threonine V–Valine
Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances and contain 50% to 90% of alcohol. Water-insoluble oils are presented as solutions due to the high alcoholic content of spirit. Spirits are prepared by dissolving the volatile substances in ethanol 90% with the exception of aromatic ammonia spirit, which is prepared by distillation method. They…
Essential or indispensable Carbon skeletons are not synthesised by human beings, so amino acids are taken in food for normal growth.
The following are the various methods of preparation of aromatic waters: Example Chloroform water Chloroform 2.5 ml Purified water (q.s.) 1000 ml This is a saturated solution of chloroform in purified water. The solubility of chloroform is 1 in 800 parts of water. The required quantity of chloroform is added to purified water and…
Example: Lys, Ile, Phe, and Tyr are partially ketogenic and partially glucogenic