our types of monosaccharides are found in all types of blood groups. They are galactose, fructose, acetylgalactosamine, and acetylglucosamine. Blood group specificity A, B, and H are associated with the non-reducing end groups of acetylglucosamine, galactose, and fructose, respectively.
The term “hydrotropy” has been used to designate the increase in solubility in water of certain substances due to the presence of large amounts of additives. This phenomenon is more closely related to complexation involving a weak interaction between the hydrotrophic agent and the solute. This phenomenon is also due to the change in the…
This GAG does not contain any uronic acid. The polymer present here is N-acetylglucosamine with β-linkages. It is the most common heterogeneous GAG. The structure of keratan sulphate is shown in Figure 2.22. Figure 2.22 Structural Representation of Keratan Sulphate
The solubility of a compound may be increased by complexing it with a complexing agent. When an insoluble compound forms a complex that is more soluble in a solvent, the total solubility is equal to the inherent solubility of the uncomplexed drug and the concentration of the drug complex in solution. When a drug is…
Occurrence It is present in cornea and tendons.
Heparin is generally used to prevent blood clotting by inhibiting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Heparin consists of glucosamine N-sulphate and sulphate ester of glucuronic acid joined together by α(1 → 4) linkages (Figure 2.21). Heparin is unique in structure and is made up of mainly serine and glycine residues. Figure 2.21 Structural Representation of Heparin
Solubilization increases the solubility of poorly water-soluble solute molecules in an aqueous solution of surface active agents or surfactants due to which a thermodynamically stable solution is formed. When surfactants are added to water at low concentrations, they tend to orient at the air–liquid interface. As additional surfactant is added, the interface becomes fully occupied…
Occurrence Heparin is present in combination with proteins as proteoglycan. It is one of the abundant anticoagulants present in the liver. It is also present in lungs, spleen, kidneys, and intestinal mucosa.
There is a continuous transport of amino acids from muscle to liver, which predominantly occurs during starvation. Alanine dominates among the amino acids. It is postulated that pyruvate in skeletal muscle undergoes transamination to produce alanine. Alanine is transported to liver and used for gluconeogenesis. This cycle is referred to as Glucose Alanine Cycle (Figure…