The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is termed as glycogenesis. Glycogenesis takes place in the cytosol and requires ATP and UTP besides glucose refer Figure 8.11. Overall reaction of glycogen synthesis is (Glucose)n + glucose + 2ATP → (glucose)n+1 + 2 ADP + Pi Of this two ATP utilised, one is required for the phophorylation of glucose…
The molecular weight of a single glycogen is 108 daltons. Glycogen is present in cytoplasmic granules. The granules contain most of the enzymes necessary for glycogen synthesis and degradation. The structure of glycogen is basically a branched-chain of homopolysaccharides, which consist of α-D-glucose units made of up to 100,000 residues. The glucose units are joined…
Liver stores 6%–8% of glycogen and muscle 1%–2%. Due to more muscle mass, the quantity of glycogen in muscle is about three times higher than that of liver. Liver glycogen stores increase during well-fed state and are depleted during fast. Muscle glycogen is not affected by short period’s fasting (a few days) and is only…
INTRODUCTION Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals and starch in plants. The main stores of glycogen in the body are found in skeletal muscle and liver, although most other cells may store minute amounts. The function of muscle glycogen is to serve as a fuel reserve for the synthesis of ATP during…
The cellular demands of ATP are crucial in controlling the rate of citric acid cycle. The regulation is brought about either by enzymes or the levels of ADP. Three enzymes, namely citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, regulate citric acid cycle.
The oxidation of acetyl-CoA of TCA cycle produces energy, CO2, and water.
Aspartate, which is formed from oxaloacetate through transamination reaction, is used for the synthesis of argininosuccinate and purines. The final product of this process is fumarate, which enters the TCA cycle.
Definition Mutarotation is defined as the change in the specific optical rotation representing the inter-conversion of α– and β-forms of D-glucose to an equilibrium mixture. Example
An α-anomer is formed if in the interacting —CHO group —H is on the left and —OH is on the right; if —OH is on the left and —H is on the right, it is said to be a β-anomer (see Figure 2.6). Enzymes are very specific in their reactions with different configurations. For example, cellulose…
Acetyl-CoA and glycerol are needed for the synthesis of steroids and fatty acids. For porphyrin synthesis, succinyl-CoA and glycerol are required as precursors. TCA cycle is thus involved in synthesis of haemoglobin, cytochromes and haemoproteins.