Answer in Detail
Controlled release refers to the release of drug into a patient’s body at a predetermined rate, at specific times, or with specific release profiles. Its advantages are reduction of dosing frequency, reduction in the fluctuation in circulating drug levels, increase in patient compliance, uniform effect, and reduction in GI irritation and other dose-related side effects.…
Enthalpy refers to the heat content of the reducing system. It indicates the number and kinds of chemical bonds in the reactants and products. A chemical reaction that releases heat is known as an exothermic reaction. The heat content of the product is less than that of reactants, and ΔH is negative. When a chemical reaction…
The energy actually available to do work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called free energy, ΔG. When a reaction proceeds with the release of free energy, the free energy change, ΔG, is negative, and the reaction is said to be exergonic. In endergonic reaction, the system gains free energy, and ΔG is positive.
Implants are sterile small tablets meant for insertion under the skin by making a small incision beneath the skin, which is stitched later. Implants are about 3.2 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length and prepared by compression. They are implanted subcutaneously for the purpose of providing slow and continuous release of medication over…
Bioenergetics or biochemical thermodynamics deals with the study of energy changes (transfer and utilisation) in biochemical reactions. The reactions are broadly classified as exergonic (energy releasing) and endergonic (energy consuming).
Aerosols are defined as pressurized package disperse phase systems in which solid particles or liquid droplets constitute the disperse phase and gas (propellant) the continuous phase. Compressed gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and liquefied gases such as halogen derivative of some saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, etc.) can be used as propellants. The material…
These are aqueous solutions of drops that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. Oily vehicle is not preferable because it will inhibit the movement of cilia in the nasal mucosa. Nasal drops should be isotonic, should have neutral pH and viscosity similar to nasal secretions. This can be achieved by using 0.9% sodium…
Eye drops are sterile, isotonic, and pyrogen-free preparations meant for instillation into the cul-de-sac of the eye for irrigatory, lubricative, diagnostic, or therapeutic activity. The container should be labeled “For external use only,” and it should be used within the stipulated time after opening the seal of the container as directed on the label.