Gluconeogenesis closely resembles the reversed pathway of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and some special reactions as shown in Figure 8.27. The three stages bypassed by alternate enzymes specific to gluconeogenesis are discussed below:

1. The conversion of fructose 1, 6 bis phosphate to fructose-6-p
2. The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose
3. The conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenol pyruvate

The following are the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis:

• The conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
• Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase
• Fructose α1-6 linkage bisphosphate
• Glucose 6-phosphate