Toxic substances may include the following:

The term detoxication or detoxification refers to the series of biochemical reactions occurring in the body to convert the foreign compounds to non-toxic or less toxic and more easily executable forms. Examples: pollutants and pesticides.

SECTION A

The functions of pantothenic acid are excreted through coenzyme A or CoA. CoA is a central molecule involved in the entire metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, and protein). Coenzyme A has a terminal thiol or sulfhydryl group (SH), which is the reactive site; hence, CoA SH is also used. Acyl group (free fatty acid) is linked to…

Pantothenic acid is made up of two units—pantoic acid and β-alanine—which are joined together by a peptide linkage. A-form pantothenate occurs in a series of reactions. Pantothenate is first phosphorylated, to which cysteine is added. Decarboxylation followed by addition of AMP moiety and a phosphate results in coenzyme A. The structure of coenzyme A or…

The coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ involve in a variety of oxidation-reduction reactions. They accept hydride ion (hydrogen atom and one electron H−) and undergo reduction in the pyridine ring. This results in the neutralisation of positive charges. The nitrogen atom and the fourth carbon atom of nicotinamide ring participate in the reaction. While the atom of hydrogen…

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) are the coenzymes derived from dietary nicotinamide, niacin, and tryptophan. Nicotinamide is deaminated in the body as niacin. Niacin is further converted through a series of reactions to NAD+ and NADP+. Finally, tryptophan produces quinolonate, which then produces nicotinamide and ultimately NAD+ and NADP+. For the synthesis…

The flavin coenzymes FAD and FMN participate in many of the redox reactions required for energy production. The catalytic unit of FAD and FMN is isoalloxazine ring, which accepts two hydrogen atoms (with electrons). Both FAD and FMN undergo reversible reactions by accepting two hydrogen atoms and form FMNH2 or FADH2.