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  • CONVERSION OF PHENYLALANINE TO TYROSINE

    August 7, 2024
    Amino Acid Metabolism

    Phenylalanine is hydroxylated at para position by phenylalanine hydroxylase to produce tyrosine. This is an irreversible reaction and requires the participation of a specific coenzyme biopterin. The active forms of biopterin is tetrahydrobiopterin, in the reaction it is converted to dihydrobiopterin. In the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction, tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is then regenerated by an NADPH-dependent dihydrobiopterin…

  • Marketed Formulations

    August 7, 2024
    Liquid Dosage Forms

    Agarol (Pfizer) Cremaffin (Liquid paraffin in combination with milk of magnesia) (Abbott) Duolaxin (Glenmark)

  • NON-PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS

    August 7, 2024
    Amino Acids

    L-ornithine, α-citrulline, β-alanine, and γ-aminobutyrate, are non-protein amino acids. L-ornithine and α-citrulline Both play an important role in metabolic intermediate of urea cycle. β-alanine – isomer of alanine – vitamin pantothenic acid Creatinine – plays an important role in energy storage process. γ-aminobutyrate – free from brain.

  • INTEGRATION BETWEEN UREA CYCLE AND TCA

    August 7, 2024
    Amino Acid Metabolism

    Urea cycle is linked with TCA cycle in three different ways:

  • NON-STANDARD PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS

    August 7, 2024
    Amino Acids

    In addition to the above twenty amino acids, there are other amino acids, which have limited distribution and high amounts in few proteins. Examples Hydroxy proline – 12% collagen Hydroxy lysine – 1% collagen N-methyl lysine – Myosin γ-carboxyglutamate – Blood-clotting protein α-aminoadipate – Corn protein α-έ-diaminopimelate – Bacterial protein

  • Evaluation of Emulsions

    August 7, 2024
    Liquid Dosage Forms

    Learning Objective The physical stability of emulsions can be tested by performing some simple tests such as the following:

  • REGULATION OF UREA CYCLE

    August 7, 2024
    Amino Acid Metabolism

    The first reaction catalysed by CPS I is the rate-limiting enzyme reaction or committed step in urea synthesis. CPS I is allosterically activated by NAG. It is synthesised from glutamate and acetyl CoA by synthase and degraded by a hydrolase. The rate of urea synthesis in liver is correlated with the concentration of NAG. The…

  • Preservation of Emulsions

    August 7, 2024
    Liquid Dosage Forms

  • MECHANISM

    August 7, 2024
    Amino Acid Metabolism

    The skeleton of urea consists of two amino (—NH2) groups and one carbon atom. The first (NH2) group is derived from glutamate reservoir (—NH2) and the second (—NH2) group is derived from aspartate. The carbon atom is derived from CO2. The urea cycle occurs in five steps with five enzymes. The first two enzymes are…

  • Packaging, Labeling and Storage of Emulsions

    August 7, 2024
    Liquid Dosage Forms

    Depending on the use, emulsions should be packed in suitable containers. Emulsions meant for oral use are usually packed in well-filled airtight bottles. Light-sensitive products are packed in amber-colored bottles. Viscous emulsions should be dispensed in wide-mouthed bottles. The label on the emulsion should mention that these products have to be shaken thoroughly before use.…

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