Hesperidin occurs as a colourless or pale yellow coloured, tasteless, crystalline glycoside with a melting point of 258–260°C. Chemically it is (S)-7-[[6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] oxy]-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one and has a molecular formula C28H34O15. It is freely soluble in alcohol and formamide, moderately soluble in ether, slightly soluble in water (1g/50L), methanol, hot glacial acetic acid, almost insoluble in acetone,…
Source Hesperidin is a flavonone diglycoside occurring in most citrus fruits, especially in the peel and the pulp. In this glycoside, hesperitin is bound to disaccharide rutinose. This polyphenolic citrus bioflavonoid is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges. An abundant and inexpensive by-product of citrus cultivation, hesperidin is associated with a number of pharmacological…
Glycyrrhizin content of liquorice varies from 2% to 9% in different samples. Other constituents are 5% to 15% sugars, 1% to 2% asparigine, 0.04% to 0.06% volatile compounds, β-sitosterol, starch, protein and bitter principals such as glycymarin. Several procedures are reported in the literature on the extraction of glycyrrhizin by various organic solvents, purification by…
Glycyrrhizin or glycyrrhizinic acid, (3β, 20β)–20-Carboxy-11-oxo-30-norolean-12-en-3-yl, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl–α-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid, has molecular formula C42H62O16. The sweet taste of liquorice is due to glycyrrhizin, which is reported to be 30 to 50 times sweeter than sucrose. A sweet, white, crystalline powder, its sweetness is slow in onset and tends to linger. It is odourless and has a characteristic liquorice…
Glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from liquorice, the dried unpeeled rhizome and root of the perennial herb Glycyrrhiza glabra (Leguminosae), a number of commercial varieties of which are cultivated. Much of liquorice is used in the form of a dried extract of the roots and stolons especially in confectionary and for flavouring, tobacco, beer etc. Owing…
Digoxin content in plant extracts, formulations, body fluids etc. may be determined by innumerable methods of assay based on colorimetry, fluorimetry, gas liquid chromatography, HPLC and radioimmunoassay to name a few. A. Method I (IP Method)
The total cardenolide content of D. lanata is 1%, about two to three times that found in D. purpurea. The presence of acetyl group on the terminal digitoxose renders the lanatosides in general easier to isolate from the plant material and makes crystallization easier. D. lanata glycosides are based on 5 aglycones, digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, gitaloxigenin, digoxigenin and diginatigenin. While the…
Digoxin is a purified cardioactive glycoside isolated from the dried leaves of Digitalis lanata or Digitalis orientalis (Scrophulariaceae). It is a secondary glycoside formed during drying, due to partial hydrolysis of the primary glycosides found in the fresh leaves. Several structurally related cardioactive glycosides are found in D. lanata and D. purpurea, two important sources of these therapeutically important glycosides. The primary glyscosides…
Depending on various environmental factors, different samples of Kalmegh contain andrographolide varying from 0.5% to 1.5%. While leaves contain the maximum amount of andrographolide, seeds contain the lowest. Aerial parts, preferably stems and leaves, are used for extraction. Identification Estimation Many methods such as HPLC, HPTLC, gravimetric, spectrophotometric and titrimetric have been reported for quantitative…
It is a labdane diterpene lactone and the main bitter constituent and active principal isolated from the dried stems and leaves of Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae). An herbaceous plant native to India and Sri Lanka, the herb commonly called Kalmegh or Chuanxin Han is used in Asian traditional medicine as anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotectant. The herb contains 0.5%…